Key Questions to Ask When Ordering Half Gear Half Rigid Couplings

7 Main Types of Rigid Couplings + Working Principles

Rigid couplings are the most basic but often the most cost-effective types of couplings. These couplings are used to connect two aligned shafts at their ends to transmit power. In the case of these couplings the shafts provide a fixed union between each other where torsional flexibility is not required, shaft alignment is maintained and proper bearing support is provided. They have many advantages, including simple structure, easy assembly, convenient maintenance, low cost, high torque capacity, torsional stiffness, and zero backlashes. Rigid couplings are available in different configurations. In this article, we are going to discuss the different types of rigid couplings. Follow this new blog in Linquip to find out more.

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Types of Rigid Couplings

Rigid couplings are characterized as belonging to one of the following categories:

Flange Couplings

Sleeve / Muff Couplings

Sleeve Couplings With Taper Pins

Clamp / Ribbed / Split Muff / Compression Couplings

Ring Compression Couplings

Set Screw Couplings

Spline Couplings

Flange Couplings

Flange couplings are widely used rigid couplings to connect shafts of the same or different diameters. The flange-style couplings consist of two separate flanged hubs, bored and keyed to fit their respective shafts and joined by bolted pattern. On one flange there will be a projected part called a pilot or spigot on the other flange there will be a corresponding recess to make the perfect alignment for both flanges. Some may include removable bushing or spacer to allow for the removal of a mechanical seal and easier replacement. 

These couplings can be helpful to bring the shaft to maintain the alignment and are also capable to adopt heavy loads. Flange couplings are normally utilized in pressurized piping systems and funneling frameworks where two pipes or tubing closes need to meet up.

Usually are made of carbon steel

Available to over 8' in diameter

Mostly designed for heavy-duty applications

Can be used on the large shafts

Suitable for alignment accuracy, for example, marine applications

The gasket is used to eliminate leakage

Sleeve / Muff Couplings

Sleeve or muff couplings are the simplest type of rigid couplings. These couplings consist of a hollow cylindrical sleeve keyed to the shafts to be connected. 

There is a keyway in the sleeve to couple the drive shaft with the sleeve and to the driven shaft with the help of a gib-headed key. Shaft keys transmit torque from the shaft to the coupling hubs, and the sleeve transmits the torque from one shaft to the other. It is important to design the sleeve and the key properly. The key design is usually based on shear and bearing stresses.

The outer diameter of the sleeve should be 2 times the diameter of the shaft + 13mm additional on diameter and the length of the sleeve should be 3.5 times the shaft diameter. There is an important thing to note that to install this coupling, the drive shaft or the driven shaft position needs to be changed.

These couplings are used when the two shafts are perfectly aligned. For high power transmission or high speeds, these sleeves coupling are not recommended. The sleeve coupling transmits low to medium torque between connected equipment in shear through an elastomeric insert.  

Simple and compact construction

General-purpose applications

Cannot accommodate any misalignment

Cheaper compared to other types of couplings

Cannot absorb shock and vibration

Difficult to assemble and dismantle

Torsional dampening

End float with slight axial clearance

Safe to use since it has no projecting parts

Sleeve Couplings with Taper Pins

Sleeve Coupling with Taper Pins

Torque transmission from one shaft to another is done using pins.

This device finds a use for applications that involve repairing gears pulleys on the shaft. The taper allows to align or locking pulleys, sprockets, or toothed couplings to a transmission shaft, quickly and without the use of equipment.

These types of rigid couplings feature simple axial and radial shaft positioning, and slot elimination. The taper allows an elastic recovery of tolerances and can be re-used after a replacement. No re-boring is necessary, as a broad range of both inch and metric bores are available. On light-duty applications, pins are not needed. Tapers with short lengths enable and allow for maximum bore increase. 

The taper is equipped with a bore and keyway.

Easy to install and remove

Simple maintenance requirements

Maximum angular misalignment: 3°

Maximum offset misalignment up to .04'

Space required to remove bushing with short key

Clamp / Ribbed / Split Muff / Compression Couplings

Clamp couplings also called Ribbed coupling Split Muff coupling or Compression coupling, are used to connect shafts of the same diameter. Ribbed rigid couplings are axially split to clamp (two half-cylinders) on the ends of the shafts, coupled and held together by the mild steel studs or bolts. The coupling uses one key over the entire length.

Quick and easy installation and removal

Can be used for heavy-duty and moderate-speed applications

No need to change the position of the shafts for assembling or disassembling

The number of bolts may be 4, or 8 (Multiples of four)

The bolts are placed in recesses formed in the sleeve halves

Can be applied to inline shaft in power transmission

Ring Compression Couplings

Rigid couplings are also available in a ring compression configuration. These couplings consist of two cones that are placed on the shafts to be coupled and a sleeve that fits over the cones. Three bolts are used to draw the cones towards each other and thus wedge them firmly between the shafts and the outer sleeve.

Set Screw Couplings

These couplings consist of a cylinder that is secured to the shaft by set screws that impinge upon the shaft. Set screw couplings are also available with a keyway for keyed shafts for additional torque capacity. They are designed to provide torque transmission and alignment. Compared to other types of rigid couplings, set screw couplings are the most cost-effective option. 

The precise design of bores on the set screw is important for applications such as servo systems and mixers because it allows for more surface contact with the shaft and higher torque transmission capabilities. With set-screw couplings, keyways are necessary for torque transmission, thus the phase relationship between coupled shafts cannot be changed.

It can loosen under vibration

Set screws can leave dents or dimples in the shaft or keyway

Spline Couplings

The spline couplings are similar to the sleeve or muff coupling but instead of the keyway, they have a number of slots on the inner diameter of the sleeve. The sleeve inner side and the shaft outer side will have the same profile slots with the same number of them. Spline couplings are often used in power transfer systems to connect mechanical components such as shafts, flanges, brakes, clutches, pulleys, sprockets, and gears.

Equally distributed load along the circumference

Small installation size

Transfer of rotational concentricity

A little Angular misalignments accommodation

Can allow for radial misalignment accommodation

Suitability for high rotation speeds

Relatively insensitive to overloading

So, there you have every fact about the different types of rigid couplings. If you enjoyed this article in Linquip, let us know by leaving a reply in the comment section. Is there any question we can help you through? Feel free to sign up on our website to get the most professional advice from our experts.

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Types of Rigid Couplings

A rigid coupling is a type of shaft coupling used to connect two shafts at their ends to transmit power. In the case of these couplings, the shafts provide a fixed union where torsional flexibility is not required, shaft alignment is maintained, and proper bearing support is provided. To reduce shaft deflection shaft support bearing should be located as close to the coupling as possible. Large couplings and those running at high speed may require balancing to reduce vibration. However, they are simple enough to install.

Want more information on Half Gear Half Rigid Couplings? Feel free to contact us.

We classify three categories of Rigid Couplings:

Flange couplings

Sleeve couplings

Ribbed couplings

Flange couplings

Flange couplings are used to connect shafts of the same or different diameters. The device consists of 2 flanged hubs, bored and keyed to fit their respective shafts and joined by bolts. Some have removable bushings for easier replacement. The couplings usually are made of carbon steel and are available to be over 8'  in diameter. The flange-style couplings are primarily designed for heavy-duty applications.

Rigid Flange Coupling by Ringfeder

Sleeve couplings

Sleeve couplings are made from one piece of material; factory bored to accommodate standard shafting. Keyways are broached, and set screws are installed. Shaft keys transmit torque from the shaft to the coupling hubs, and set screws keep the coupling from sliding along the shaft. Sleeve couplings are also made in clamping style. Clamping styles come in two ways: one-piece design and split, two-piece. Split, two-piece couplers can be installed and removed without machine disassembly.

One-piece Sleeve Coupling

Ribbed couplings

Ribbed couplings may be used for heavy-duty services, made of 2 pieces and used to connect shafts of the same diameter. The coupling is keyed to both shafts with bolts. Those permit quick and easy installation and removal.

Ribbed Coupling from TB Woods

Features of Rigid Couplings

In summary, the benefits of rigid couplings include their low price, high torque capacity, torsional stiffness, and zero backlashes.

In the end, we would like you to watch a short demo video below about flange couplings made by RINGFEDER.

Check our article Gear Couplings: Benefits and Applications.

Feel free to Contact Us if you have any questions, need more information or if you are interested in purchasing a coupling.

HVH Industrial Solutions is an authorized distributor of the following coupling manufacturers: Ringfeder, System Components, TB Wood's,  Ameridrives, Bibby Turboflex, and Guardian Couplings.

We work closely with the engineering teams of the above companies to provide superior customer service and engineering support.

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Vladimir Harutyunyan

Vladimir Harutyunyan is the founder of HVH Industrial. He has masters degree in mechanical engineering and over 10 years of experience in mechanical power transmission field. 

Vladimir Harutyunyan

Vladimir Harutyunyan is the founder of HVH Industrial ...

What are the different Rigid couplings?

In the previous article, we have discussed the Functional requirement of coupling and the coupling classification. In this article, we are going to discuss the different types of Rigid couplings.

Rigid couplings

Rigid Couplings are used to connect two shafts which are perfectly aligned. Following are the different types of rigid couplings.

Sleeve coupling

Muff coupling

Splined coupling

Clamp or split-muff or compression coupling

Flange coupling

Sleeve or Muff Coupling

Sleeve or Muff Coupling

Sleeve or muff coupling is the simplest type of rigid coupling. It is a hollow cylinder with an inner diameter which will make an engineering fit with the drive shaft and the driven shaft. There is a keyway in the sleeve to couple the drive shaft with the sleeve and to the driven shaft with the help of a gib headed key. And there are some Allen screws are also provided in the sleeve to lock the key in position.

This rigid sleeve or muff coupling is used when the two shafts are perfectly aligned. For high power transmission or high speeds, these sleeves coupling are not recommended.

The outer diameter of the sleeve should be 2 times the diameter of the shaft + 13mm additional on diameter and length of the sleeve should be 3.5 times the shaft diameter.

There is an important thing to note that to install this sleeve or muff coupling, the drive shaft or the driven shaft position needs to be changed.

Spline Coupling

As we can see the sleeve coupling with a keyway above, this spline coupling is similar as the sleeve or muff coupling but instead of the keyway, we have a number of slots on the inner diameter of the sleeve as shown in the below picture.

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The sleeve inner side and the shaft outer side will have the same profile slots with the same number of them.

What are the advantages of spline coupling?

There are certain advantages for the spline coupling over the keyed connection. Those are listed below.

Equally distributed load along the circumference.

Small installation size.

Transfer of rotational concentricity.

A little Angular misalignments accommodation.

Can allow for radial misalignment accommodation.

Suitability for high rotation speeds.

Relatively insensitive to overloading.

Clamp or split-muff or compression coupling

Clamp or split-muff or compression coupling

The above Sleeve or Muff coupling is a single mechanical part. whereas this clamp or compression or Split miff coupling is made into two pieces and bolted together with the mild steel studs or bolts.

There is one advantage over the sleeve or muff coupling is that to install this split muff coupling, no need to change the positions of the drive shaft or the driven shaft.

This coupling can be used for heavy duty and moderate speed applications.

Flange coupling

Flange coupling

A coupling having two separate flange hubs with the keyed fit to the individual shaft. These two flanges will be joined together with the bolted pattern. On one flange there will be projected part called pilot or spigot on the other flange there will be a corresponding recess to make the perfect alignment for both flanges.

This Flange coupling can be helpful to bring the shaft to maintain the alignment and also capable to adopt the heavy loads. so it will be used on the large shafts.

There are three different types of flange couplings.

Unprotected type flange coupling (The bolt and nuts are protruded outside)

Protected type flange coupling ( (The protruded bolt and nuts are protected by circumferential flange)

Marine type flange coupling (Flanges integrated into the shaft)

This is all about the Rigid couplings. Check out what are the different flexible couplings here.

Conclusion

We have discussed the rigid couplings types with advantages and the drawbacks with the help of neat pictures. If you have any further thoughts on this topic, let us know in the comment section below.

For more Stainless Steel Universal Jointsinformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.

• 1. Selecting the Right Gear Coupling for Your Application
• 2. q'' This webinar will be available afterwards at www.designworldonline.com & q'' Q&A at the end of the presentation q'' Hashtag for this webinar: #DWwebinar Before We Start
• 3. Moderator Presenter Miles Budimir Design World Paul Konkol Altra Ameridrives Gear Couplings
• 4. Design World Webinar Selecting the right gear coupling for your application April 29,
• 5. What is a Coupling ? A Flexible Coupling is a machine part that transmits rotating power from one shaft to another while accommodating misalignment and axial displacement between the two shafts.
• 6. The basic functions of a flexible coupling: '' Transmit power '' Accommodate misalignment '' Compensate for shaft end movement Basic Coupling Functions
• 7. Transmit Torque While allowing for: Misalignment Axial Movement DRIVERDRIVEN
• 8. ''Torque: The tendency of a force to cause or change rotational motion of a body, calculated by multiplying Force and distance. Defined more fully in the Torque section below. ''Misalignment: The state of being not in alignment. Alignment is generally defined as the state where opposing equipment shaft centerlines are coaxial. For machinery and couplings, it is the proper orientation of mechanical parts to obtain minimal wear and/or dynamic forces. ''Hub: The coupling component which is machined for mounting on a shaft. ''Spacer: A removable center member that provides a specified axial shaft separation. ''Distance Between Shaft Ends (DBSE): The distance from the face of one shaft to the face of the next shaft. ''Shaft: The revolving cylindrical bar, the centerline of which is also the center of rotation for the components to which it is attached, through which torsional power is transmitted or delivered. ''Bore: Cylindrical or conical holes in hubs of couplings with axes coincident with the rotational axis of the coupling. ''Flexible Element: The part of a coupling which provides flexibility. There are 3 main categories: Mechanical, Metallic, and Elastomeric. ''Sleeve: A gear coupling component with internal teeth. ''Hardware: The nuts, bolts, washers, etc., which are used to attach the various coupling components together. ''Clearance Fit: A condition where the hub bore diameter is equal to or larger than the shaft diameter. ''Interference Fit: A condition where the hub bore diameter is equal to or smaller than the shaft diameter. ''Pilots: A surface that positions a coupling component, subassembly or assembly. ''Key: A mating torsional load transmitting member placed in a groove in both shaft and hub. ''Keyway: The axial groove in the hub that holds the key in the proper location. Coupling Terminology
• 9. Basic Torque Calculation Torque = Power x Unit Constant Speed '' in-lb. = HP x / RPM '' Nm = kW x / RPM '' HP/100 RPM = HP x 100 / RPM
• 10. Torque = HP transmitted x 63,025 x Service Factor RPM
• 11. Service  Factors  are  a  multiplier  to  the  calculated  torque  when  selecting  a   coupling.   '' Selection  Torque  =  Calculated  TQ  x  SF '' Note:    Di'erent  coupling  types  and/or  manufacturers  recommend  di'erent  service   factors  for  similar  operating  conditions.    Always  check  your  catalog CLASS SMOOTH STEADY MODERATE MEDIUM HEAVY EXTRA HEAVY EXTREMELY HEAVY DRIVER TYPE MOTOR OR TURBINE MOTOR OR TURBINE MOTOR OR TURBINE MOTOR OR TURBINE HIGH STARTING TORQUE MOTOR OR ENGINE ENGINE ENGINE LOAD TYPE - SOFT START WITH STEADY LOAD - CENTRIFUGAL EQUIPMENT - NORMAL STARTING LOADS - SLIGHT TORQUE VARIATIONS - ABOVE AVERAGE STARTING LOADS - MODERATE LOAD VARIATIONS - HIGH STARTING TORQUE - MEDIUM TO HEAVY LOAD VARIATIONS - MILD SHOCK LOADING ENGINES WITH SMOOTH LOADING - EXTREME RELIABILITY - HEAVY SHOCK LOADING - LIGHT TO MODERATE REVERSING - EXTREME SHOCK LOADING - HEAVY REVERSING WIDE TORQUE VARIATION SERVICE FACTOR 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.25 4.0 Service Factors
• 13. Misalignment Parallel offset Combination of both Angular misalignment
• 14. Types of Misalignment '' Axial Misalignment or End Float o' Some couplings will limit shaft movement, others will not o' Sometimes limited end float (LEF) devices may be added to a coupling
• 15. A.' Small amount '' Thermal growth '' Bearing float B.' Large amount '' Axial adjustment '' Operational shifting Axial Movement
• 16. Coupling Categories and Types Gear Chain Grid UJoint Mechanical Disc Diaphragm Metallic Shear Compression Elastomeric Pin & Bushing Spring Slider Block Miscellaneous
• 21. So, which is the right coupling for my application?
• 27. Types of Couplings & Application Requirements Coupling Characteristics Gear Spindle Grid U Joint Elastomeric Shear Elastomeric Compression Disc Diaphragm Lubrication Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Backlash Med High Med None None Low None None Overhung Moment Med High Med High High High Low Low Unbalance Med High High High High High Med Low Bending Moment High High Med High Low Med Med Med Axial Force High High Med High Low Med Med Med Torsional Stiffness High High Med High Low Med High High Damping Low Low Med Low High Med Low Low Coupling selection based on application needs
• 28. Costs and BenefitsCriteria Coupling  Types   Elastomeric  -­''  Shear Elastomeric  -­''  Compress       Tire Block Sleeve Jaw Curved-­''Jaw Block   Gear Disc Grid                          Lubrication N   N   N   N   N   N   Y   N   Y      Ease  of  Installation  ++ +++   +++   +++   +++   +++   +   +   +      Fail  Safe N   N   N   Y Y Y N N   N    Misalignment  Rating  +++ +   ++   +   +   +   ++ +   +      Purchase  Cost  $$   $   $   $   $   $   $$$   $$$   $$      Maintenance  Cost N   N   N   N   N   N   Y   N   Y      Replacement  Cost  $$   $   $   $   $   $   $$$   $$$   $$      Installation  Cost/Time ++ +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ + + +    Life    ++   +   ++ +   +   +   +++   +++   ++    Torsional  Sti'ness Low High Low High High High Highest Highest Low +++ = BEST ++ = BETTER + = GOOD $$$ = HIGHEST $$ = LOWER $ = LOWEST
• 29. Why Select a Gear Coupling? Coupling Characteristics Gear Spindle Grid U Joint Elastomeric Shear Elastomeric Compression Disc Diaphragm Lubrication Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No Backlash Med High Med None None Low None None Overhung Moment Med High Med High High High Low Low Unbalance Med High High High High High Med Low Bending Moment High High Med High Low Med Med Med Axial Force High High Med High Low Med Med Med Torsional Stiffness High High Med High Low Med High High Damping Low Low Med Low High Med Low Low Gear Coupling is selected because it is torque dense, has axial capacity independent of angular misalignment, large bore capacity, and long life.
• 30. Why a Gear Coupling? '' High torque '' High misalignment '' Axial capacity
• 31. Basic Gear Coupling Parts Lube Plugs Flange Nuts & Bolts Sleeve O-ring Seal Hub
• 32. How a Gear Coupling Transmits Torque Torque is transmitted on the flank or face of the gear tooth Major Diameter Sleeve Piloting
• 33. '' Gear teeth are either straight or crowned '' Clearance in gear mesh allows for misalignment '' Crowned tooth allows for greater misalignment, higher torque capacity, less backlash Gear Tooth Design
• 34. Crowned or Fully Crowned Gearing A) Flank (Face) B) Tip (and Root) C) Chamfer
• 35. When everything is 'perfectly' aligned all teeth share the load equally How a Gear Coupling Works
• 36. As you misalign, fewer and fewer teeth are in contact Ratings are based on the torque that can be transmitted at a given misalignment Reduce your misalignment, increase your ratings How a Gear Coupling Works
• 37. Fully Crowned Gearing Allows for Max Misalignment
• 38. Fully Crowned Gear Reduces Backlash and Vibration
• 39. Gear Couplings Require Lubrication Original gear couplings 75+ years ago were filled with oil for lubrication A metal labyrinth seal and centrifugal force kept the gear mesh lubricated
• 40. O-ring Seal Buna-N O-ring seals keep contamination out, and lubricant in. Designed to accommodate temperatures up to 250°F. Viton seals are available for temperatures up to 550°F. O-ring Seal Clean grease of the proper amount and type will give longest life
• 41. Recommended Grease Suggested grease by manufacturer and operating conditions
• 42. Gear Coupling Standards '' Flange Diameter is standard for manufactures '' Shrouded or Exposed bolt pattern is standard '' Allows for Identification & Half-to-Half Interchangeability
• 43. Standard AGMA Nomenclature Size 1 ½ to 7 Size Mfg.  K Mfg.  F Mfg.  A O.D. #  SB  Bolts #  EB  Bolts 1-­''1/2 1-­''1/2H 201.5 6.00' 8 8 2 2H 202 7.00' 10 6 2-­''1/2 2-­''1/2H 202.5 8.38' 10 6 3 3H 203 9.44' 12 8 7 7H 207 20.75' n/a 16 O.D. '' Measure flange O.D. '' Count the bolts '' Step in ½ sizes
• 44. Special Coupling Functions Many couplings today are special made to order and incorporate other special features. §'' Allow for axial travel §'' Maintain sleeve bearing motor rotor position (Limited End Float or LEF) §'' Allow for extended DBSE §'' Protect Equipment from overload §'' Dampen vibration and reduce peak or shock loads §'' Electrically insulate the driver from the driven equipment §'' Incorporate a brake disc or drum §'' Tune a system out of a torsional critical §'' Support the rotor of a generator or other radial load (single flex) §'' Electrically insulate the driver from the driven equipment §'' Measure output torque of driven equipment §'' Support axial loads on vertical installation §'' Support other PT Components §'' V-Belt Drive, Fluid Drive, Clutch, etc.
• 45. Special Coupling Functions Application Data Form to gather all information important to the installation §'' HP, speed, DBSE, shaft sizes, SF, temperature, etc. §'' What is currently being used? §'' Drawings of existing application §'' What changes have been made since original installation? §'' What operational problems are there? §'' Special documentation
• 46. BORES, FITS AND HUB MOUNTING
• 47. Hub to Shaft Fits '' Slip or Clearance Fits o' Hub bore is always larger than shaft OD '' Press or Interference Fits o' Hub bore is always smaller than shaft OD
• 48. Clearance Fits '' Use for Low Speeds o' to RPM max '' Requires set screws and keyway o' Worse for balance '' Low HP ranges o' Generally 250 HP and under '' Smaller Shaft Diameters o' Generally 3 3/8' or less '' Risk of Fretting
• 49. Interference Fits '' Light: under . in/in o' Must use a key ' minimal interference will slip under heavy load o' AGMA Standard A86 o' Hub mounting: Heating necessary o' Stresses are usually not an issue '' Medium: ~. - . in/in o' Usually tapered shaft and some keyless fits o' AGMA standards A86 & A91 o' Hub mounting: Must be heated or hydraulically mounted o' Stresses may need to be checked '' Heavy: ~over . in/in o' Keyless fits o' AGMA Standard A91 o' Hub mounting: Heating necessary o' Stresses need to be checked
• 51. Interference Fit Calculations '' Steel expands .'/inch of diameter per 100°F temp rise '' Heat the hub to expand bore by 150%+ of the interference '' Example: 5' dia. shaft with .004' interference '' 5' dia. x .' = .003' expansion per 100°F temp rise '' .004' x 150% = minimum .006' growth '' .003'/100°F x 2 = .006' bore growth = min 200°F temp rise '' At 70°F temp, need to heat hub to at least 270°F Ø'' 350°F is recommended, even heat distribution, less that 600°F
• 52. Interference Fit Hub Installation '' Calculate the correct temperature rise '' Make sure bore and shaft are clean and free of burrs '' Plan how you will handle the heated hub '' Heat hub thoroughly ' if not heated through, hub may cool, shrink and bind before completely on the shaft '' Shield shaft and seals from over-heating when you install the hub '' Quickly and safely position the hub on the shaft and allow it to cool
• 53. Metric vs. English Shaft Specification Inch Shafts '' Standard AGMA tolerances '' Square keys '' Half in hub / half in shaft Metric Shafts '' Various Metric standards DIN Standards '' Rectangular keys '' Keyway depth per metric standards '' Overkey dimension for keyway depth Inch Keyways Metric Keyways
• 54. Fitting of Keys 1.' Tight Fit in Shaft Keyway 2.' Sliding Fit in Hub Keyway 3.' Clearance over Top of Key 4.' Chamfered Key Corners
• 55. Interference Fit with Key
• 56. The proper gear coupling selection and design will give you the maximum misalignment capacity & maximum torque capacity for the longest life in your application.
• 57. Questions? Miles Budimir Design World Twitter: @DW_Motion Paul Konkol Altra Ameridrives Gear Couplings