What is the Advantage and Disadvantage of INR18650 Drive Lithium Batteries

Introduction

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The pil has become a cornerstone of modern technology, a rechargeable workhorse found in everything from your laptop to electric vehicles.1 Its cylindrical design is instantly recognizable, and its versatility makes it a subject of great interest. Understanding the pil, its specifications, safety, and diverse applications is crucial in today’s tech-driven world. This guide will delve into the details of this ubiquitous power source, ensuring you have a comprehensive understanding of the pil. Please note that “ battery” or “ cell” are more commonly used terms for this component.

Decoding the Pil: What It Is and What the Name Means

• What is an Pil?The pil is a rechargeable lithium-ion battery cell, characterized by its standard cylindrical shape with a diameter of 18 millimeters and a length of 65 millimeters.1 While most pil are lithium-ion, variations using sodium-ion and potassium-ion chemistries also exist within this size.4 To put its size in perspective, an pil is larger than a common AA battery (approximately 14.5mm x 50.5mm).2 Key features of the pil include its high energy density, long lifespan, and efficient performance.1 Depending on the specific chemistry, these batteries typically offer a lifespan of 300 to over charge cycles 3, with some Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) variants reaching up to cycles.5 The adoption of the size across different battery chemistries highlights its established and convenient form factor for a wide array of applications. The size difference compared to AA batteries explains the ’s ability to deliver higher capacity and voltage.
• Origin of the Name PilThe name “” directly refers to the battery’s physical dimensions in millimeters.1 Specifically, “18” indicates the 18mm diameter, “65” represents the 65mm length, and “0” signifies its cylindrical shape.1 Some sources suggest that the “0” was introduced by Sony.7 Sony initially standardized this model in Japan to reduce costs.24 There’s some debate about when the battery was developed, with Sony claiming and Panasonic claiming .24 The straightforward naming convention underscores the importance of standardized sizes in the battery industry, promoting compatibility and interchangeability. The direct correlation between the numbers and physical dimensions allows engineers and consumers to easily identify and select the correct battery size for their needs. The differing claims from Sony and Panasonic about the ’s origin reflect the historical context of innovation and competition in the early lithium-ion battery market. The term “Pil” in your query likely refers to a misspelling or misunderstanding of “cell” or a related term.4 Addressing this common misspelling directly can improve the article’s SEO ranking and provide users with accurate information. By acknowledging and correcting potential user errors, the article becomes more helpful and authoritative.

Understanding Pil Chemistry and Types

• Common ChemistriesMost pil are lithium-based, with various cathode chemistries influencing their performance and safety characteristics.3 Here are some common types:

• Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2 – LCO or ICR): Known for high energy density (150-200 Wh/kg) but has a lower discharge rate (typically 1C) and potential safety concerns (thermal runaway possible at 150°C).1 Commonly used in laptops and smartphones. Requires a protection circuit.1 The high energy density makes LCO suitable for devices prioritizing long runtime over high power output, but safety requires careful management and protection.
• Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4 – LMO or IMR): Safer and offers better thermal stability (thermal runaway possible at 250°C) and higher discharge rates (up to 10C, 30C pulse), making it suitable for power tools and e-cigarettes.1 Has a lower energy density compared to LCO (100-150 Wh/kg).32 LMO prioritizes safety and high discharge rates, making it ideal for power-intensive devices needing bursts of energy, even if total energy storage is slightly less.
• Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (LiNiMnCoO2 – NMC or INR): Strikes a balance between energy density (150-220 Wh/kg), power output, and safety, widely used in e-bikes, medical equipment, electric vehicles, and industrial applications.1 Often considered a hybrid cell.32 NMC is a versatile middle ground, offering a good combination of key performance features, making it a popular choice for various applications.
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4 – LFP or IFR): Extremely safe (best thermal stability, strong P-O bond) with the longest cycle life (-+ cycles) and good stability across a wide temperature range.1 Lower energy density compared to other types (50-130 Wh/kg).1 Lower nominal voltage (3.2V).3 Suitable for electric vehicles and energy storage systems. LFP prioritizes safety and long life, making it well-suited for applications where these factors are paramount, even if it means accepting lower energy density.
• Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (LiNiCoAlO2 – NCA): Offers high energy density (200-260 Wh/kg, potentially up to 300 Wh/kg) and good cycle life, used in some electric vehicles (Tesla) and medical devices.32 Can be more expensive and slightly less stable at high temperatures.26 Thermal runaway possible at 150°C.32 NCA provides high energy density similar to LCO, making it suitable for applications needing long range or runtime, but may offer better power output than LCO.
• Emerging Chemistries: Newer variations like sodium-ion (available in format as of ) and potassium-ion (introduced in format in with a 4V nominal voltage) are also appearing.4 The emergence of sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries in the format indicates ongoing innovation in battery chemistry, aiming for lower costs and more sustainable materials.

• Protected vs. Unprotected CellsIt’s important to understand the difference between protected and unprotected pil.1 Protected batteries have a protection circuit (Protection Circuit Module – PCM) integrated into their packaging to prevent overcharging (typically cuts off at 4.2-4.3V), over-discharging (typically cuts off at 2.5-3.0V), overheating, and short circuits, making them safer for general use.1 This circuit adds about 5mm to the length, making it around 70mm.3 The integrated protection in these cells makes them more user-friendly and reduces the risk of damage or accidents, especially for those unfamiliar with lithium-ion battery operation. Unprotected batteries lack this circuit and are typically used in battery packs with an external Battery Management System (BMS) that manages the safety and balancing of multiple cells, or by experienced users who understand the associated risks.1 They are smaller and lighter.1 Unprotected cells offer greater flexibility for integration into complex systems where safety is managed at a higher level, potentially allowing for optimized performance or form factor. As a general guideline, protected batteries are usually recommended for individual users.24

Applications Across Industries

• The pil‘s versatility has led to its widespread adoption across numerous industries.1
• Consumer Electronics

• Laptops.1 Originally used in laptops.8
• Power Banks.1
• Flashlights.1 Especially high-powered flashlights.6
• Digital Cameras.24
• E-cigarettes.1
• Portable Fans.4
• LED Flashlights.4
• Portable Power Supplies.7
• Wireless Data Transmitters.7
• Portable Instruments.7
• Portable Lighting Equipment.7
• Portable Printers.7
• Remote Control Toys.5
• Shavers, Arc Lighters, Bluetooth Speakers.52
• Hair Clippers, Electric Toothbrushes, Speakers.49
• E-cigarette Atomizers.1
• Tactical Flashlights.9
• Chainsaws, Scooters.10

• Medical Devices.1 Portable diagnostic equipment, infusion pumps, defibrillators.48
• Gaming Handheld game consoles.8
• Drones and Robotics Drones, handheld game consoles, electric skateboards.8 Remote control drones.9
• Industrial Applications Automated Guided Vehicles (AGV), robotic arms, manufacturing machinery.50
• Emergency Systems Emergency lighting systems.9
• Military and Aerospace Night vision goggles, communication devices, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV).50
• Outdoor Gear Headlamps, camping equipment.50 Camping lanterns.53
• Wearable Technology.50
• Other Devices Tablets 18, Point of Sale (POS) card readers 52, cordless vacuum cleaners 52, robot vacuum cleaners 52, solar outdoor lights 52, electric unicycles 52, hair trimmers 52, power bank enclosures 53, clip-on fans 58, gimbals and sliders 59, baby stroller clip fans, octopus fans with tripods 58, arc lighters 52, Bluetooth speakers 52, electric shavers 52, electronic cigarettes.1
• Electric Vehicles (EVs)The pil played a significant role in the early development of electric vehicles, notably used by Tesla in their initial three models: Roadster (late s), Model S ( onwards), and Model X ( onwards).1 The Model S initially used over cells.24 They are also used in e-bikes, scooters, and some electric cars.1 E-bikes are a common application.4 While larger formats like the are gaining popularity (designed as a higher-capacity replacement for the in EV battery packs 28), the pil still holds its place in smaller EVs and specialized applications.23 Tesla’s early large-scale adoption of pil for EVs demonstrated their viability for powering full-sized electric cars and significantly impacted the market. By utilizing readily available cells, Tesla overcame early limitations in battery technology and production within the automotive industry.
• Power Tools and Other EquipmentCordless power tools such as drills, saws, sanders, grinders, and industrial equipment.1 E-bikes and scooters (mentioned in EVs but reiterated here).1 Medical devices (portable ultrasound machines, hospital emergency backup systems).1 Energy storage systems (solar power banks, UPS, home energy storage).1 Server rack batteries, stackable LiFePO4 batteries, smart solar systems, lead-acid replacement batteries, wheel-designed solar batteries, commercial and industrial energy storage systems.8 Industrial equipment.3 Telecommunication towers and data centers (backup power).48 Aerospace applications (satellites, space probes).50 Military equipment (night vision goggles, communication devices, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV)).50 Robots and drones.8 Remote control drones.9 Portable DVD players, walkie-talkies, audio equipment, model aircraft, toys, camcorders.17 Truck batteries (backup).49 Electric toothbrushes, hair clippers, speakers (reiterated from consumer electronics for completeness).49 The diverse applications beyond consumer electronics and EVs demonstrate the pil’s versatility and reliability in demanding and critical systems. Their use in medical, industrial, and aerospace sectors indicates that pil meet the stringent performance and safety requirements of these specialized fields.

Technical Specifications: Voltage and Capacity

• Typical Voltage RangeFor lithium-ion batteries, the nominal voltage is typically 3.6V or 3.7V per cell.1 Some manufacturers design them at 3.6V.44 This is significantly higher than the 1.2V of NiCd and NiMH batteries.7 The relatively high nominal voltage of pil allows devices to be powered with fewer cells, contributing to compactness and lighter weight compared to lower-voltage alternatives. A single 3.7V cell can often replace multiple AA or AAA batteries in series to achieve similar voltage, simplifying device power management. The charge limit voltage is usually 4.2V for most lithium-ion batteries.1 Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) has a lower charge limit of 3.6V or 3.65V.3 Charging beyond this limit can cause damage.24 The discharge end voltage for most lithium-ion batteries is typically between 2.5V and 3.0V.3 For LiFePO4, it can be as low as 2V, but 2.5V is generally recommended.3 Discharging below this voltage can lead to permanent damage (lithium plating).36 The operating voltage range for lithium-ion batteries is typically between 3.0V and 4.2V.1 The voltage gradually decreases as the battery discharges.3 Understanding the operating voltage range helps users monitor the battery’s state of charge and anticipate when recharging might be needed. The voltage level is a good indicator of the remaining energy in the battery, allowing users to manage their power consumption effectively.
• Understanding Capacity (mAh) and Its ImpactCapacity, measured in milliampere-hours (mAh), indicates the amount of electrical charge a battery can store and provide over time.1 A mAh battery can theoretically deliver a current of milliamperes (3 Amperes) for one hour.66 Higher mAh generally translates to longer intervals between charges.1 Common capacities for lithium batteries on the market range from -mAh.1 Some manufacturers claim capacities up to mAh or even mAh for newer cells (e.g., Panasonic NCRG, LG INR-M36, Samsung SDI INR-36G, Vapcell N40), but capacities exceeding mAh should be viewed with caution as some claims may be exaggerated.1 According to some sources, the maximum reliable capacity is around mAh.39 Counterfeit batteries often claim much higher, unrealistic capacities like mAh, mAh, or even mAh.39 Genuine cells typically weigh between 40-48 grams; lighter batteries may be fake.39 Capacity is a primary factor determining the runtime of a device on a single charge, making it a crucial specification for users to consider based on their usage needs. There’s a trade-off between capacity and discharge rate (C-rate or CDR – Continuous Discharge Rate).1 High-power applications like power tools and e-cigarettes require batteries with higher discharge rates (up to 30A or more) but may have lower capacities (e.g., LG HB6 has a CDR of 30A but only mAh capacity).1 Batteries with higher capacities may have lower discharge rates (e.g., Panasonic NCRB has a capacity of mAh but a lower CDR of 4.9A).37 Users need to select batteries that balance capacity and discharge rate based on the power requirements of their specific devices. Choosing a battery with an insufficient discharge rate for a high-power device can lead to performance issues or even safety risks.

Safety First: Precautions and Handling Guidelines

• Safety is paramount when handling lithium-ion batteries. Misuse can lead to explosions, fires, or burns.1 The buyer is responsible for any damage or injury resulting from misuse.86
• Charging and Discharging SafetyAlways use a high-quality charger specifically designed for lithium-ion batteries, ensuring the correct voltage (typically 4.2V for standard lithium-ion) and current levels (usually around 0.5C to 1C of the battery’s capacity).1 Avoid using cheap, generic chargers.1 Never leave batteries charging unattended.1 Always charge on a fire-resistant surface.86 Once fully charged, remove the battery from the charger.1 Avoid overcharging (beyond 4.2V for most lithium-ion; beyond 3.6V for LiFePO4) and over-discharging (below 2.5-3.0V for most lithium-ion; around 2.5V for LiFePO4).1 Overcharging can cause overheating, bursting, or fire.24 Over-discharging can lead to permanent damage.36 Many protected batteries have built-in safeguards against these conditions.1 Monitor batteries during charging for excessive heat, hissing, unusual sounds, bulging, swelling, changes in shape or color, or unusual odors.24 If any of these occur, discontinue use immediately.69
• Storage Best PracticesStore batteries in a cool, dry place with stable temperatures, ideally around 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F), away from direct sunlight, flammable materials, and extreme heat or cold.1 Avoid leaving batteries in a hot car during summer.70 Always use the provided battery case, or store batteries in a protective case or non-conductive container (like a battery box or LiPo safety bag, if available) to prevent accidental short circuits, especially when not in use or when carrying loose batteries.1 Never carry loose batteries in pockets, purses, or bags with metal objects like keys or coins.1 For added safety, cover battery terminals with non-conductive tape during disposal or storage.1 If storing for an extended period (e.g., 6 months), charge batteries to around 40-60% of their capacity (approximately 3.6-3.7V).1 Periodically check the charge status of stored batteries.90 Avoid storing batteries in direct contact with each other.69 Do not mix batteries of different brands, capacities, or charge states in storage.87 Store new and old batteries separately.85
• Identifying Potential HazardsBefore each use, inspect your pil for any signs of damage such as dents, scratches, punctures, cuts, crushing, or leaks.1 Do not use batteries if the outer wrapper or insulator ring is damaged or torn.70 Do not use if damaged in any way.86 Be wary of counterfeit batteries, which often claim unrealistically high capacities (over mAh), weigh less (around 25g or 32g compared to 40-48g for genuine), may lack safety features, and are generally of lower quality.1 Only purchase from reputable online retailers or trusted brands (like Samsung, Panasonic, LG, Sony, Molicel).3 Check the battery weight against the manufacturer’s specifications.39 Look for correct markings and avoid batteries with misspellings or questionable labeling.59 Never crush, incinerate, or modify batteries.1 Do not expose to liquids or high temperatures.70 Do not solder directly to batteries; use spot welding only.86 Recycle old or damaged batteries properly at designated recycling centers or retail drop-off points; never throw them in regular trash.1 Before disposal, individually bag or tape the ends of batteries to prevent short circuits.1 Users must be familiar with the operation of lithium-ion batteries before purchase.86 Use batteries only within the manufacturer’s listed specifications.84

Pil: Advantages and Disadvantages

• Advantages Over Other Battery Types (e.g., AA)Higher energy density compared to NiMH and alkaline batteries (typically 150-220 Wh/kg, up to 260 Wh/kg or even 300 Wh/kg), meaning more energy can be stored in a smaller size and weight.1 Capacity is 1.5 to 2 times that of NiMH batteries of the same weight.12 Longer cycle life (can be charged hundreds to thousands of times, typically 300-500 cycles, some up to or even for LiFePO4), superior to disposable alkaline and many other rechargeable types (NiMH typically around 500- cycles).1 Higher nominal voltage (3.6V/3.7V) compared to AA batteries (1.2V for rechargeable, 1.5V for disposable).1 One pil has the voltage equivalent of three AA batteries in series.5 Lower self-discharge rate (around 3.5% per month for lithium-ion), meaning they hold their charge longer when not in use, better than some other rechargeables.5 Alkaline batteries have an extremely low self-discharge rate (2.3% per year).5 Better performance at high discharge rates, making them suitable for power-intensive devices.1 Can handle much higher discharge rates than AA batteries.83 Lighter weight compared to other rechargeable batteries with similar capacity.1 Standard weight is between 45 and 50 grams.65 AA batteries weigh around 23-31 grams.65 No memory effect, so no need to fully discharge before recharging, and they don’t lose capacity over time due to this.24 Can be combined in series (to increase voltage) or parallel (to increase capacity) to form battery packs for various power needs.1
• Limitations and Potential DrawbacksHigher initial cost compared to some disposable batteries.8 Safety risks if mishandled or used improperly (overheating, explosion).1 Require careful handling and adherence to safety guidelines.1 Limited capacity in some high-demand applications compared to newer battery formats like or .6 Maximum capacity has somewhat stagnated.29 Age and degrade over time, leading to capacity loss.1 Fixed cylindrical shape may not be suitable for all device designs.3 Lithium polymer batteries offer more flexibility in form factor.14 Require a Battery Management System (BMS) in multi-cell packs to ensure safe operation.3 Self-discharge over time.8 Sensitive to temperature; extreme temperatures can affect performance.5

Market Overview: Trends and Major Manufacturers

• Current Market Trends and Future OutlookThe global market has been valued at around $50-60 billion USD in recent years (-).62 Some reports predict moderate growth or even a slight decline due to the emergence of alternative battery specifications, particularly in the EV sector.62 Other reports forecast strong growth driven by EVs and portable electronics.57 The EV sector is a major driver, but the maturity of technology may lead to a shift towards larger formats like .28 Current research focuses on improving energy density, safety, and reducing costs.62 Battery recycling is also becoming increasingly important.62 The Asia Pacific region is a major market due to its manufacturing base and consumer electronics industry.57 While the pil market is mature and faces competition from newer formats, especially in the rapidly growing EV market, demand persists in many sectors. Despite the maturity of pil, the demand for longer ranges and higher performance in EVs is driving the adoption of larger capacity batteries. However, the existing infrastructure and widespread applicability of pil are likely to ensure their continued presence in the market.
• Popular and Reputable ManufacturersKey manufacturers include Panasonic (Sanyo), Samsung SDI, LG Chem, Sony (Murata), BYD, CATL (Contemporary Amperex Technology Co., Limited), EVE Energy, Molicel, BAK Battery, Nitecore, Vapcell, Epoch, Lithium Werks, Ufine Battery, and others.3 Some brands like Fenix and Vapcell re-wrap batteries from other manufacturers.40 It’s crucial to purchase from reputable suppliers to avoid counterfeit or low-quality batteries.3 The market is concentrated among a few major manufacturers, highlighting their expertise and reliability in producing high-quality cells. Consumers should prioritize these brands to ensure safety and performance. Established manufacturers have rigorous quality control processes and invest in research and development, leading to more reliable and safer products.

Clearing Up Misconceptions: Battery vs. Pil

It’s important to clarify that “ pil” is likely a misspelling or misunderstanding; the correct terms are “ battery” or “ cell“.4 The term “pil” might be a phonetic approximation or a result of translation issues. Common misspellings or related search terms users might encounter include variations in capitalization or slight alterations of the word. Directly addressing this misspelling can improve search engine rankings for users searching for “ pil“. It also reinforces the correct terminology within the article. By explicitly addressing the user’s query term (“ pil”), the article becomes more relevant to their search and helps educate them on the correct terminology.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the pil is a versatile and widely used power source in modern electronics. Its name directly reflects its physical dimensions: an 18mm diameter and 65mm length in a cylindrical form. Primarily of the lithium-ion type, variations like sodium-ion and potassium-ion are also emerging. pil come in various chemistries, each with unique performance characteristics regarding energy density, discharge rate, and safety. They are prevalent in consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and a host of other devices like power tools and medical equipment. The typical voltage range for an pil is 3.6V or 3.7V, with capacities generally ranging from mAh to mAh. While offering advantages like high energy density, long lifespan, and high discharge rates, they also have drawbacks such as higher initial cost and safety concerns if mishandled. The pil market is substantial and dynamic, with major manufacturers including Panasonic, Samsung SDI, and LG Chem. Although the market continues to grow, newer battery formats are posing competition in certain applications. A proper understanding of the pil’s characteristics and safety precautions is essential for anyone using or considering these ubiquitous power sources. As energy storage technology continues to advance, the pil will likely remain a significant component in a wide range of applications.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

There are many sizes of lithium-ion cylindrical batteries, and the number of sizes continues to grow. batteries and batteries are two of the common types of lithium batteries. Both of these batteries are named by the size of their own.

Obviously, you can find out from the name that these two types of batteries are actually different in size. But they are suitable for the same devices in most cases.

Many people will be torn in the choice of these two batteries in the end which battery is better? Hopefully this article will help you solve this problem.

PROs of batteries:

1.）The energy density of the type battery is higher than type battery.
2.）The cost will be reduced.
3.）The batteries are lighter in weight.
The capacity supported by battery are more than mAh, even some mAh have emerged. Therefore, the larger capacity could help to increasingly prolong the lives of modern devices and to upgrade user’s using experiences.

CONs of batteries:

1.）The larger capacity of the battery needs longer charging times.
2.）technology is unstable and mature. The battery production and processing equipment, technology and so on can not be ready in a day, so now this battery can not be mass production. And not as fast as the development trend of technology.

battery

It has a disadvantage in terms of energy density and cost, but it performs better in terms of standardization, automation, technological maturity and ladder utilization.

Cylindrical batteries, especially , due to their own structural characteristics and the standardization of their models, the level of automation in the production of cylindrical batteries is the highest among the three main battery forms. This makes it possible to have a high degree of consistency, and the yield is improved accordingly. Data show that the yield rate of major foreign manufacturers such as Samsung and Panasonic can reach 98%, while Chinese manufacturers can also exceed 90%.

PROS of battery

1) As mentioned earlier, the monomer consistency is better；

2) The monomer itself has good mechanical properties. Compared with square and soft-packed batteries, a closed cylinder can obtain the highest bending strength at approximately the same size.；

3) The technology is mature and the cost is low, but at the same time, the space for cost optimization has been almost consumed.；

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4) The energy of the monomer is small, and the form is easy to control in the event of an accident, but this is also becoming the reason for its replacement (what about the popular saying, those who make you will also destroy you, and those who can’t kill you will also make you strong. The same is true for things)

CONS of battery

1) In the context of electric vehicles, the number of cylindrical monomers in the battery system is very large, which makes the complexity of the battery system greatly increased, regardless of the mechanism or the management system, compared with the other two types of batteries, the system-level cost of cylindrical batteries is high.

2) Under the conditions of uneven temperature and environment, the probability of alienation of the characteristics of a large number of batteries increases. Of course, the reason why Tesla chose at the beginning of the design is believed to be just a helpless choice, because 10 years ago, only cylindrical batteries could be produced in large quantities. Qualified power batteries. On the contrary, the safety and thermal management needs of the battery are the driving force for the development of its powerful electronic control system.

3) The room for energy density to rise is already very small. According to the news in , Chaowei has achieved a monomer capacity of mAh, and the specific energy of the battery is 306Wh/kg.

From a battery performance level:

1.) li-ion battery has larger capacity

Being that the battery is slightly larger, it will also provide more energy/power and runtime. Experimental studies by scholars have shown that the battery has about 5.3 circles of electrodes more than the battery. Taking into account the change in the height of the battery, the overall battery has about 51% more capacity than the battery.One thing to consider here is the mAh of these batteries. mAh’s on batteries will range from up to . On batteries, you can expect mAh’s to range between up to mAh’s. You may see advertising for batteries that claim to have up to mAH.

2.) battery has smaller inter resistance than battery

For cylindrical cells these parameters correlate with each other. This contributes to the lower performance of high energy cells. Electrode thickness has a possitive influence on cell resistance. battery is thick than battery.

Going from the to the format, the cell resistance decreases noticeably and shows a relatively flatter correlation to anode coating thickness.

The reason is the larger usable coated cathode area in the larger -type cells, especially due to the outer windings of the jelly roll.

3.) battery has lower discahrge rate than battery

Electrode thickness has a negative impact on the discharge rate capability. As we all known that battery is thick than battery.

Cells with thicker electrodes experience higher losses by limited transport, resulting in lower discharge energy and underutilized electrode active material. Thegeneral trend for all tested cell types was found that therate-capability is limited by the temperature on the cell surface due to current flow.

4.) battery has higher energy density than battery

Change cell into cell, battery energy density can be increased by more than 20%. battery power density is better than batteries. According to the current disclosure of Tesla, under the existing conditions, the energy density of battery systems is approximately 20% higher than the 250WH to the original -300 Wh battery system. At the same time, according to the Panasonic lithium battery power test in monomer batteries, the bulk density of its 21,700 battery is significantly higher than that of the cell monomer.

Compared with battery system, battery system cost down by about 9%. Main reasons are as following:

a.Each single lithium battery contains more than 50% more energy than , so the total number of single lithium batteries in use can be greatly reduced.

b. Since the lithium battery has more energy, the total number of parts and facilities required to manufacture the same Wh lithium battery is reduced, which is beneficial to reduce costs.

c. Since the lithium battery has more energy, the total number of parts and facilities required to manufacture the same Wh lithium battery is reduced, which is beneficial to reduce costs.

d. Lithium battery housing, because the diameter of the lithium battery is larger, it can accommodate more lithium batteries, so the shell required for each Wh, the lithium battery is 33% less than the lithium battery, so the shell cost of the lithium battery is lower than .

e. The number of lithium batteries with the same Wh number is reduced by 33%, so the requirements for the injection and sealing process are also somewhat reduced, and the cost is somewhat reduced.

f. Similarly, with the reduction of the overall number of lithium batteries, the requirements for chemical facilities have also been greatly reduced, increasing the rate and reducing costs.

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